An extension of the prostitution which spread throughout the world in the nineteenth century, following the massive emigration to the New World, white slavery was also a result of the growing poverty of European women in the age of industrialization. There were thousands of prostitutes in the large European cities such as Paris and London and governments did nothing to contain the problem, contenting themselves with preserving public order and ordering medical inspections to reduce the risk of venereal disease. The women had to undergo medical examinations and be registered as prostitutes, while the men who were consumers of their sexual services were not required to undergo any examinations and were immune to legal prosecution. The enormous spread of prostitution in Europe and specifically its transformation into an international trade over the second half of the nineteenth century can be attributed to several factors, including:. The public panicked when newspapers reported kidnappings of women and wrote of young girls who were forced into prostitution under false pretenses and taken to brothels in distant countries. Committees and international meetings were held in various places in the world to place the subject on the public agenda and seek ways of combating the phenomenon.
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Harm reduction and structural approaches to reduce HIV risk among sex workers face several barriers. One such barrier is based on moral argument, and it has a rich historical context. This paper will examine the historical context of interventions with sex workers in New York City during the Progressive Era — Present at the time, though under a different name, the harm reduction approach was largely dismissed. These same moral underpinnings may be active today in driving interventions and policy toward those that are morally focused and away from those that focus on harm reduction and structural change. Even in regions without a generalized epidemic, there is often a concentrated epidemic among three high risk groups: injection drug users, men who have sex with men, and sex workers. Social context, harm reduction, and structural factors have been interwoven into interventions aimed at reducing HIV risk behavior. This paper will explore the historical context of interventions with sex workers in New York City during the Progressive Era — , which was a time when the white slavery scare was at its height. Historical context will be explored as one aspect of social context in order to contribute to the pool of contextual knowledge in the area of HIV risk reduction. Vice reform was infused into the progressive agenda Anderson,
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Sexual slavery and sexual exploitation is attaching the right of ownership over one or more people with the intent of coercing or otherwise forcing them to engage in sexual activities. Sexual slavery may also involve single-owner sexual slavery ; ritual slavery , sometimes associated with certain religious practices, such as ritual servitude in Ghana , Togo and Benin ; slavery for primarily non-sexual purposes but where non-consensual sexual activity is common; or forced prostitution. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action calls for an international effort to make people aware of sexual slavery, and that sexual slavery is an abuse of human rights. The incidence of sexual slavery by country has been studied and tabulated by UNESCO , with the cooperation of various international agencies. The Rome Statute which defines the crimes over which the International Criminal Court may have jurisdiction encompasses crimes against humanity Article 7 which include "enslavement" Article 7. It also defines sexual enslavement as a war crime and a breach of the Geneva Conventions when committed during an international armed conflict Article 8. The text of the Rome Statute does not explicitly define sexual enslavement, but does define enslavement as "the exercise of any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person and includes the exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children" Article 7.
The history of sexual slavery in the United States is the history of slavery for the purpose of sexual exploitation as it exists in the United States. African-American slaves were systematically raped or forced to breed with other slaves. Early American colonists were largely male, and some men resorted to force to procure wives.
